Human anatomy

List of bones of the human skeletonHuman anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells). Anatomy, physiology (the study of function) and biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic medical sciences which are usually taught together (or in tandem).

In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, through common roots in evolution; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all vertebrates with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.


1 Study
1.1 Regional groups
1.2 Major organ systems
2 Superficial anatomy
3 Internal organs
4 Brain
5 See also
6 References
7 External links



Study

A full articulated human skeleton used in educationGenerally, medical students, dentists, physiotherapists, nurses, paramedics, radiographers, artists, and students of certain biological sciences, learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and radiology.

Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format in line with modern teaching methods.


Regional groups
Head and neck — includes everything above the thoracic inlet
Upper limb — includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
Thorax — the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
Human abdomen to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
The back — the spine and its components, the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and intervertebral disks .
Pelvis and Perineum — the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
Lower limb — everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.

Major organ systems
Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum, and anus.
Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenals or adrenal glands
Immune system: protecting against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.
Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
Activity system: movement with muscles and human skeleton (structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons).
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves
Reproductive system: the sex organs; in the female; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and in the male; testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.

Superficial anatomy
Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in human anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily identified from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.

Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom:

Head — Forehead — Jaw — Cheek — Chin
Neck — Shoulders
Arm — Elbow — Wrist — Hand — Fingers — Thumb
Spine — Chest — Ribcage
Abdomen — Groin
Hip — Buttocks — Leg — Thigh — Knee — Calf — Heel — Ankle — Foot — Toes
The eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, throat, adam's apple, breast, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva, navel are visible too.

Internal organs
Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :

Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart — Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Esophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas — Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus — Thyroid — Uterus — Veins


Brain
Main article: Human brain
Amygdala — Brain stem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Limbic system — medulla — midbrain — pons

This is a very good site you may want to see it for yourself
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
it is all about the human body

Have you ever heard of 'THIS SCEPTRED ISLE 55BC-1901' it is pretty good.The best part is about Julias Caesar, he conquered Gaul (nowadays France) and others. One of the Islands he conquered was Britain. The Celts did not want Rome ruling over them so they prepared for battle. The Celts fought bravely but in the end Julias Caesar won. But that was not the end,Julias Caesar heard that there was trouble in Gaul,because Gaul was more important than Britain he sailed for Gaul.While he was away, the Celts revolted against Roman rule under Carpopas, one of the chiefs of the tribes but as the other tribes hated Carpopas they told the Romans that they would fight for them,Carpopas was captured,he was made to walk in Rome as part of the triumph parade. He was so brave that the Romans allowed him to live. All was peaceful under Roman rule in Britain. But then another brave leader grew up, Boadicea was a princess who had been whipped by the Romans,she had many followers but she lost when the Romans won they came in and hoping to see the great woman who had caused them so much trouble, found her dead with her daughters in her arms, she had poisoned herself and her daughters,rather than live under Roman rule. Finally Britain was conquered.

Hi my name is Esther and I am here to talk about Narnia. The first book in the series is The Magicians Nephew and that that is what I am going to write about today. The story is about the creation of Narnia.I will tell you about the characters. The first I am going to tell you about is Digory Kirk, Digory is a young boy whose mother is ill and father is away in India, he is very inquisitive as we will see when he goes to Charn where he awakes the witch. Next is Polly Plumber, she is very careful, as we will see when they go to Charn.

I am writing a story it is set in Poland during WW2. I hope you like it.



Forgotten
Chapter One
The war
A girl was coming down the street in her ordinary slow fashion, when all of a sudden her sister came running along. “Helena, come along at once, Mother sent me to look for you, it is dinner time!” she said.
“Okay Elzbieta,” said Helena “I am coming!”
As they came into the house Mother said ,“I thought you were going to post my letter for me, not play in the park.”
“Yes Mother,” Helena said meekly as she helped her sister Juliana set the table. Suddenly her brothers Jan and Maksymilian came in and they were very dirty.
“Boys!” said Mother. “Go and get washed at once, you are not suitable to be at the table;” the boys laughed and went upstairs.
Just at that moment their father came in. He hugged his children Juliana and Helena and said, “ Children I have something to say, I will say at dinner.” He said cheerfully “Well, your mother Romualda has cooked something lovely for dinner, let us go in to the dining room.” When he got into the dining room he suddenly frowned ,“where are my sons, Maksymilian and Jan?” Just then his sons came down from getting ready and sat at the table; their father gave them a stern look and they stood up hurriedly. Father said, “Good let us give thanks to God for this wonderful food,” he launched into a prayer. After they gave thanks they ate their food and father said “ I am being sent to France because Hitler has said that all Jews are to be rounded up and killed or sent to concentration camps, a cart is to pick you up tomorrow to take you to England.” Then after dinner, they had their family worship, the children went to bed.
The next day they saw their father off.
As they went back into the house Mother called, “Helena, go and do the washing like I told you to NOW!” she added with tears in her eyes.
“Yes mother,” replied Helena meekly and she made her way to the washing cellar.
As she walked down the stairs to the washing cellar her sister Elzbieta came after her and said “Helena come with me.” Helena said “Would Mother approve? You know Mother told me to do the washing, she hates us to be disobedient”.
“Yes I know” said Elzbieta “Mother sent me to tell you that there are men Outside they have a cart they say that they are come to take us to England,”
Without another word she raced upstairs. Helena raced after her hoping the army would be able to keep Hitler away. As they climbed on to the cart and they hid themselves and looked around frightened at other families hiding under the blankets. But they heard that to get to England they would have to pass through Hitler’s country GERMANY

They had been on the road for a long time and were whispering among themselves, suddenly they were silent, the driver said “Get down we are now approaching German Poznan”. Afraid, they lay under the blankets barely daring to breath. Suddenly they heard strange accents, “Stop! Get out, we want to search your cart for missing Jews,” barked the voice. The cart lurched as the man got out, Helena fell onto the ground, knocking her head in the process. The German solder laughed and said, “Well we do not have to look in there now, we know that you are smuggling Jews.” He grabbed Helena by the neck and he barked at them “OUT ALL OF YOU.” As he said this he gave the driver a push and the driver fell onto the muddy ground. The soldier said “That will teach you to help Jews.” Juliana screamed as the soldier grabbed her from the cart. He threw Juliana and Helena onto the ground. Mother got out of the cart as her daughters were grabbed by the soldiers and forced into line. The soldiers grabbed Mother and forced her into line too. The other Jews were also forced into line; the only sound except the soldiers yelling was a baby crying. As the soldier (whom Helena thought to be the Chief Captain)yelled and yelled at the driver, (the poor man Hall was cowering under his scolding ) something happened to stop them and Ratty(As Helena had decided to call him) stopped yelling and a huge shadow fell on to the ground. He was huge and tall he was indeed the Commander. He yelled and yelled at his men, “These Jews must have people with them, they will be rescued if we do not hurry!” “Anyway” he said cruelly “take them to the town hall we will deal with them there,” and with that he galloped away. The men looked at each other, shrugged and walked away pulling the Jews with them.

Not long after this happened, they were standing in the town hall with their hands behind their backs. The men were laughing at them, Helena felt like crying but she did not cry, she knew that the Lord was with her, to protect her from evil, no matter what happened , she knew that the Lord God would be with her. She prayed fiercely to Jesus to help her, and protect her from harm. She had felt afraid but now the spirit of the Lord was with her, to help her, and strengthen her, and she was no longer afraid, she looked around her, and listened to what would be their fate. She nearly fainted when she heard she would be separated from her family, and thrown into a cruel concentration camp, with the other girls her age! Her brothers were to be taken to a slave camp, her mother to Ravensbruch concentration camp. She would be with her sisters, she knew, but she could not read the Bible, none of them could. Only Mother and Father knew how, and they were not here, so they would have a pretty unbiblical life. Although they did not like the thought of it, they knew that the Lord would be with them.

Chapter Two
The concentration camp
At first glance the concentration camp looked quite pretty from where the children were but they knew that it was a cruel place and as they walked into it they knew that it was so; children were working, little girls like themselves were being whipped because they were too slow. As they walked in they were met by a German woman who grabbed them and turned them around and around.
She said, “Too weak, but we will soon strengthen them up, I do not want them strong, I want them slightly stronger than they are, but thinner than they are, they are skinny! But they will not do enough work if they are as they are now.”
The men said “They are to be put in the torture house because they tried to run away
from us, and also they are Jews ,now we must go and take the
other Jews to the other camps,”
“As you wish, sirs. JACK! ELLEN! Come here slaves,” said the woman. Two children ran up and said in unison
“Yes miss” “Take these children and put them in the torture house.
“Yes miss” they said and walked off taking Helena and her sisters with them.
Meanwhile Romualda their mother had been thrown in the torture house. When she had got out, she had been paraded in front of all the woman, and whipped, and humiliated, and then thrown into the sleep house where all the women slept. She slept for a while, and then woke up. While she was alone she took out her miniature of her family and wept. She did not notice a woman sneak up until the woman said “What is the matter?” Startled Romualda turned around. Seeing the woman had a kindly expression she said “I miss my husband and children.”
“Excuse me but what is your name” she added
“My name is Corrie ten Boom” she said and it seemed that she might just escape after all. She said to Romualda “The Germans do not like Jews they said that they would kill them soon.”

Meanwhile her brothers were suffering more, they were not only put in the torture house, but they were not sent to the sleep house, they were sent to work. Because they were tired from the torture house they did not do their work properly so they had to be whipped.

Meanwhile the children were told to put together all the clothes of other prisoners.
this went on for a few months on and on and on they worked, getting very, very,
tired.
They were getting very bored of this when Elzbieta the eldest had a idea she said to
her sisters “lets get into the bags and when they come and take the bags away they will take us away with them” the other girls were excited at the thought of escaping and they at once gathered together all their few possessions and climbed into the bags. They waited and waited and waited when suddenly they heard German voices they recognised the German woman’s voice saying “lift up that bag up there , girl! (she sighed) Where are those girls when you need them mind!” she cried and she softened ah “that’s right” Helena felt a lurch as the man lifted the bag she was in and felt terrified when she heard him say “this bag is pretty heavy” the woman said “ O stop groaning and lift these bags onto the cart.” Soon all the girls were safely on the cart, and as they rumbled along, Elzbieta made a hole in the bag, and tore it open, she climbed quickly out of the bag and helped her sisters out of their bags and they all jumped out of the back of the cart and ran towards the woods and freedom.
Juliana was running as fast as she could but she was slowing down ,the man had seen them and was running after them as fast as he could. She could see Helena behind her. Meanwhile Elzbieta had reached the woods and was calling Juliana. Juliana had reached the woods but the man had caught up with Helena. Helena was screaming as the man said “You little vermin I will report you” and he dragged her back to the car. Elzbieta having watched this could hide no longer she ran at the man Helena saw her coming and hoping kicked the man in the tummy and the man cursed and let her go she ran to Elzbieta and Elzbieta picked her sister up and got her into the woods.




Chapter Three
The Friendly Town
They had built a fire in the shelter of a tree, Elzbieta said that it was best to light it under that particular tree because the tree shielded them from the German towns that were dotted all across the landscape and the smoke from their fire was shielded from the towns.
The next morning they awoke early and after breakfast (which was fish) debated about what to do, unable to agree they decided to look at their map “I think we should cross Germany and go to England” said Elzbieta.
“No No!” said Juliana at once “ that would be cowardly I think we should go to Kdo. Neuengamme where the boys are and then go to England as their camp is nearer because if we move from this spot we will not be able to fish for food remember we escaped very quickly and had no time to fetch food to take with us”(for Juliana was a wise, just and kind child ) .
Helena (who had been sitting by the tree) suddenly spoke up “I think we should go toward a town and ask for help, then go to the boys’ camp and save them, then go and save Mother, then go to England”.
“Don’t be silly Helena,” said Elzbieta “Of course we cannot ask for help at a village and of course we cannot rescue Mother I do not disagree about trying to rescue the boys but no definitely none of the others.”
Helena said “I am going to do what I said even if you do not help me.”
“Don’t be silly Helena if you are going to be like that of course we will come with you but I still think it is a bad idea.”
13 hours later they were still no nearer to one of the villages as Juliana was a sickly child and could not walk for very far so they stopped along the way to give her some rest, also it was six o’clock, so they decided to stop for the night.

The next morning it rained all day and Elzbieta was sick with worry as they were out in the open now and the next town was an hour and a half away , they could not carry on walking for if they did Juliana would catch a cold and maybe die (as she was a very fragile child) so imagine the joy that they felt when the sun came out, Juliana was now soaked to the skin as she was the smallest (although Helena was the youngest) the clothes they had got from the wagon were much to big for her. So she of course caught a cold and was very sick .
Elzbieta was in despair but finally she agreed that the best plan was sending athletic young Helena to the town so the next day Helena set out and she started to run O how she ran as fast as she possibly could which was about 10 miles per hour so it took two hours to get there because the town was 20 miles away



Romualda meanwhile was suffering terribly as she was afraid for her children, her new friend Corrie tried to cheer her up but it did not work “You said that Germans hate Jews I have heard from my sons but not my daughters they must have been killed by the Germans,” said Romualda to Corrie

The two girls however had found out something all the families were going to be put together so they walked for bit and stopped again and stayed there for Juliana was having trouble with her breathing.

Helena meanwhile had reached the town of Nichors and sneaked in, she slipped onto a doorstep and hid there when a cart came by. When suddenly she heard a movement behind her she tried to slip off the doorstep but she wasn't fast enough